An ancient Roman sarcophagus carved with a vivid scene of a drinking contest between the Greek god Dionysus and the demigod Hercules has been uncovered near Caesarea, marking a first-of-its-kind discovery in Israel.
Archaeologists from the Israel Antiquities Authority made the find during excavations just outside the ancient city walls. The marble coffin is adorned with intricate carvings of various gods, animals, and trees. The highlight is a dramatic image of Hercules lying on a lion skin, cup in hand, visibly inebriated.
“It was like a scene out of a movie,” said Nohar Shahar, one of the lead archaeologists. “We started clearing the soft, light sand of the dune when suddenly the tip of a marble item peeked out.”
Shahar added, “As we cleared more sand, we couldn’t believe what our eyes were seeing—pieces of a sarcophagus, on which were carved figures: gods, animals, and trees.”
Following its discovery, the broken coffin was moved to the Israel Antiquities Authority’s Conservation Administration. Conservators Solomon Gavriel, Ilya Armanovsky, and Gadmo Vajpo, along with architect Ido Rosental, restored and cleaned the sarcophagus.
The completed work reveals Dionysus at the center of a lively scene, surrounded by dancing women, half-human creatures, the gods Hermes and Pan, and several leopards and lions.
“This is the first time we are finding the scene of the wine contest between the god Dionysus and Hercules on a sarcophagus in our region,” Shahar said.
She noted that while Dionysus processions are common motifs on Roman coffins from the second and third centuries CE, this particular scene has previously been known in local art only through floor mosaics in places like Zippori and Antioch.
The imagery is more than decorative, Shahar explained. “It seems that here the figures are not just celebrating—they are accompanying the deceased on his last journey, as the drinking and dancing become a symbol of liberation and transition to life in the next world.”
She added, “The sarcophagus offers an exceptional view on the idea of death—not as an end, but as the beginning of a new path.”
The scene also names a winner in the mythical contest. “The condition of Hercules, who is depicted on the sarcophagus as someone who can no longer stand, points to the clear answer: Dionysus.”
The location of the sarcophagus, beyond the known city walls of Caesarea, suggests more remains may lie in the surrounding area. “This means that the space leading into it was actually much wider and thus richer in finds than we thought until now,” Shahar said.
The sarcophagus will be featured in a lecture on Thursday, June 12, 2025, during “The Feast,” a conference held at the Eretz Israel Museum in Tel Aviv. The event is organized in collaboration with the Israel Antiquities Authority, Tel Aviv University, and Bar-Ilan University. The public is invited to attend.
Eli Eskosido, director of the Israel Antiquities Authority, called the sarcophagus “a thought-provoking discovery that reflects the picture of life and belief in the Roman world.” He added that once the conservation process is finished, the artifact will be presented to the public as part of ongoing efforts to make Israel’s ancient heritage accessible.
