The country known today as Iran extends from the Persian Gulf and the Indian Ocean in the south to the border of Turkey and Turkmenistan in the north. The territory of Iran is equivalent to much of the ancient Persian Empire. In the southwest part of Iran was the historic region of Persis, or Persia proper, and Iran was called “Persia” until the twentieth century. Why did it have that name, and where did it come from?
There is an area in modern-day Iran, the Fars Province, sometimes written as “Pars.” This province occupies most of the immediate region on the eastern side of the Persian Gulf.
This region is roughly equivalent to the ancient land of Persis. Scholars also refer to this as Persia proper. This was the land of the ancient Persians. They probably resided in this land for a few centuries before they managed to forge an empire for themselves.
Therefore, even after forming a large empire, this region was still distinctly known as Persis. This is where the Fars Province derives its name. Similarly, the Babylonia region in Iraq remained a distinct part of Mesopotamia even after its people established the Babylonian Empire, which encompassed much of the Fertile Crescent.
The place name ‘Persia’ originates from the name that the ancient Persians gave to their land, which in ancient Persian was ‘Parsa’. The Greeks adapted this into ‘Persis’, and later, the Romans adapted the Greek term into ‘Persia’.
The Persians gave the name ‘Parsa’ to their land (roughly the Fars Province), apparently after themselves, whom they also called ‘Parsa’. This was their native ethnonym.
Partially based on ancient Assyrian records, many scholars believe that the Persians migrated into Persia from the north. The earliest ancient inscriptions which refer to Persia, or Parsa, in the Fars Province of southwestern Iran date to approximately the middle of the first millennium BCE.
On the other hand, around 900 BCE, Assyrian inscriptions refer to a location called Parsua, much further north. The similarities between ‘Parsua’ and ‘Parsa’ are strong, leading many scholars to believe that they are different forms of the same word.
Perhaps due to constant Assyrian attacks, the Persians may have migrated south from Parsua, near Armenia, all the way to the Fars Province next to the Persian Gulf. If so, then during their early history, the Persians may have been called the Parsuash.
In Greek mythology, Perseus (Greek: Περσεύς) was the legendary founder of the Perseid dynasty and one of the greatest heroes before the age of Heracles, alongside figures like Cadmus and Bellerophon. He is best known for slaying the Gorgon Medusa on behalf of King Polydectes and for rescuing Andromeda from the sea monster Cetus. A demigod, Perseus was the son of Zeus and the mortal Danaë, making him both the half-brother and great-grandfather of Heracles.
Perses (Ancient Greek: Πέρσης) was the son of Perseus and Andromeda. He came to be regarded as the forefather of the Persian people. Tradition holds that Xerxes invoked this ancestral link in an effort to gain the support of the Argives during his campaign in Greece, though his attempt was unsuccessful. The First Alcibiades, a dialogue from the late 4th century BC attributed to Plato, equates Perses with Achaemenes, portraying both Achaemenes and Heracles as sons of Perseus and founders of the Persian lineage.
Of course, the Fars Province is only a small part of Iran. So, why was Iran as a whole called Persia in ancient times, and as recently as the twentieth century? The reason ultimately goes back more than two and a half millennia.
King Cyrus of the Persians carved out an enormous empire in the sixth century BCE. This took in all of present-day Iran, Iraq, Syria, Israel, and much more, bringing down three empires in the process. For a time, contemporary Greek writers used ‘Persia’ to refer to the entire empire.
In the late fourth century BCE, Alexander the Great defeated and conquered the Persian Empire. This ended Persian control over everything apart from the Fars Province. How, then, did the name ‘Persia’ continue to be applied to the entire region of modern-day Iran?
The answer partially goes back to the third century CE. At that time, Ardashir I, a king of Persis, founded the Sasanian Empire. This reconquered large portions of the former Persian Empire of King Cyrus.
Eventually, in the seventh century, the Muslims conquered all of the territory of the king of Persis. Nevertheless, by this time, the term ‘Persia’ had come to be commonly used for that entire region. Furthermore, the inhabitants continued holding a distinct cultural identity, in contrast to the surrounding area.
The term ‘Persia’ continued to be used even after the Muslim conquest. This is why the country of Iran was formerly called Persia in ancient times, and the name persists in the modern world.
